Electrical Engineering Thumb Rules

Earthing Resistance:

 

Earthing Resistance for Single Pit=5Ω ,Earthing Grid=0.5Ω

As per NEC 1985 Earthing Resistance should be <5Ω.

Voltage between Neutral and Earth <=2 Volts

Resistance between Neutral and Earth <=1Ω

Creepage Distance=18 to 22mm/KV (Moderate Polluted Air) or

Creepage Distance=25 to 33mm/KV (Highly Polluted Air)

 

Minimum Bending Radius:

 

Minimum Bending Radius for LT Power Cable=12xDia of Cable.

Minimum Bending Radius for HT Power Cable=20xDia of Cable.

Minimum Bending Radius for Control Cable=10xDia of Cable.

 

Insulation Resistance:

 

Insulation Resistance Value for Rotating Machine= (KV+1) MΩ.

Insulation Resistance Value for Motor (IS 732) = ((20xVoltage (L-L)) / (1000+ (2xKW)).

Insulation Resistance Value for Equipment (<1KV) = Minimum 1 MΩ.

Insulation Resistance Value for Equipment (>1KV) = KV 1 MΩ per 1KV.

Insulation Resistance Value for Panel = 2 x KV rating of the panel.

Min Insulation Resistance Value (Domestic) = 50 MΩ / No of Points. (All Electrical Points with Electrical fitting & Plugs). Should be less than 0.5 MΩ

Min Insulation Resistance Value (Commercial) = 100 MΩ / No of Points. (All Electrical Points without fitting & Plugs).Should be less than 0.5 MΩ.

Test Voltage (A.C) for Meggering = (2X Name Plate Voltage) +1000

Test Voltage (D.C) for Meggering = (2X Name Plate Voltage).

Submersible Pump Take 0.4 KWH of extra Energy at 1 meter drop of Water.

 

Lighting Arrestor:

 

Arrestor have Two Rating=

(1) MCOV=Max. Continuous Line to Ground Operating Voltage.

(2) Duty Cycle Voltage. (Duty Cycle Voltage>MCOV).

 

Transformer:

 

Current Rating of Transformer=KVAx1.4

Short Circuit Current of T.C /Generator= Current Rating / % Impedance

No Load Current of Transformer=<2% of Transformer Rated current

Capacitor Current (Ic)=KVAR / 1.732xVolt (Phase-Phase)

Typically the local utility provides transformers rated up to 500kVA For maximum connected load of 99kW,

Typically the local utility provides transformers rated up to 1250kVA For maximum connected load of 150kW.

The diversity they would apply to apartments is around 60%

Maximum HT (11kV) connected load will be around 4.5MVA per circuit.

4No. earth pits per transformer (2No. for body and 2No. for neutral earthing),

Clearances, approx.1000mm around TC allow for transformer movement for replacement.

 

Cable Capacity:

For Copper  Wire Current Capacity (Up to 30 Sq.mm) = 6X Size of Wire in Sq.mm

Ex. For 2.5 Sq.mm=6×2.5=15 Amp, For 1 Sq.mm=6×1=6 Amp, For 1.5 Sq.mm=6×1.5=9 Amp

For Aluminum wire Current Capacity = 4X Size of Cable in Sq.mm ,Ex. For 2.5 Sq.mm=4×2.5=9 Amp.

Nomenclature for cable Rating = Uo/U

where Uo=Phase-Ground Voltage, U=Phase-Phase Voltage, Um=Highest Permissible Voltage

 

Current Capacity of Equipments:

 

1 Phase Motor draws Current=7Amp per HP.

3 Phase Motor draws Current=1.25Amp per HP.

Full Load Current of 3 Phase Motor=HPx1.5

Full Load Current of 1 Phase Motor=HPx6

No Load Current of 3 Phase Motor =30% of FLC

KW Rating of Motor=HPx0.75

Full Load Current of equipment =1.39xKVA (for 3 Phase 415Volt)

Full Load Current of equipment =1.74xKw (for 3 Phase 415Volt)

 

 

Diesel Generator:

 

Diesel Generator Set Produces=3.87 Units (KWH) in 1 Litter of Diesel.

Requirement Area of Diesel Generator = for 25KW to 48KW=56 Sq.meter, 100KW=65 Sq.meter.

DG less than or equal to 1000kVA must be in a canopy.

DG greater 1000kVA can either be in a canopy or skid mounted in an acoustically treated room

DG noise levels to be less than 75dBA @ 1meter.

DG fuel storage tanks should be a maximum of 990 Litter per unit Storage tanks above this level will trigger more stringent explosion protection provision.

 

Current Transformer:

 

Nomenclature of CT:

Ratio: input / output current ratio

Burden (VA): total burden including pilot wires. (2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 30VA.)

Class: Accuracy required for operation (Metering: 0.2, 0.5, 1 or 3, Protection: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30).

 

Accuracy Limit Factor:

 

Nomenclature of CT: Ratio, VA Burden, Accuracy Class, Accuracy Limit Factor.Example: 1600/5, 15VA 5P10  (Ratio: 1600/5, Burden: 15VA, Accuracy Class: 5P, ALF: 10)

As per IEEE Metering CT: 0.3B0.1 rated Metering CT is accu­rate to 0.3 percent if the connected secondary burden if imped­ance does not exceed 0.1 ohms.

As per IEEE Relaying (Protection) CT: 2.5C100 Relaying CT is accurate within 2.5 percent if the secondary burden is less than 1.0 ohm (100 volts/100A).